* Does God Play Dice? *

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* Between Masters * ~ Encounters with Einstein

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* Between Masters * ~ Discussions with Einstein

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* Atom Master *

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Volume I:

Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature

Written from 1925-1929, these essays explain to a general audience the details of the emerging theory in physics. These writings illuminate the transition from classical physics to quantum theory, and probe the philosophical consequences of this transition.

Volume II:

Essays 1932-1957

On Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge

This volume extends the new physics and its underlying epistemology to inquire into the nature of biology, anthropology, and philosophy. Bohr explores the possibilities and limitations of human thought in a variety of fields. This volume also contains the famous 1949 essay, "Discussion with Einstein."

Volume III:

Essays 1958-1962

On Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge

Bohr here states his mature views on such subjects as complementarity, the limitations of human knowledge, and the problems that arise in biology from "the practically inexhaustible complexity of the organism." Included are anecdotes on the entire pantheon of scientists who changed, at the deepest level, the frontiers of knowledge in our time.

Volume IV:

Causality and Complementarity

Supplementary papers edited by Jan Faye and Henry J. Folse

In volumes I, II, and III Bohr collected his major philosophical ideas. In this volume, scholars Faye and Folse have carefully reviewed all of Bohr's writings to select additional works that expand our understanding of the subtleties of his thinking in the philosophical foundations of physics and other areas of modern thought.

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* Bohr's Complementarity *

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In Bohr's words, the wave and particle pictures, or the visual and causal representations, are "complementary" to each other. That is, they are mutually exclusive, yet jointly essential for a complete description of quantum events. Obviously in an experiment in the everyday world an object cannot be both a wave and a particle at the same time; it must be either one or the other, depending upon the situation. In later refinements of this interpretation the wave function of the unobserved object is a mixture of both the wave and particle pictures until the experimenter chooses what to observe in a given experiment. (Remember that, according to Heisenberg, the path of an object first comes into existence when we observe it.) By choosing either the wave or the particle picture, the experimenter disturbs untouched nature. Such favoritism unleashes a limitation in what one can learn about nature "as it really is." This limitation is expressed by Heisenberg's uncertainty relations, which, for Bohr, were related to what he was now calling "complementarity." Complementarity, uncertainty, and the statistical interpretation of Schrodinger's wave function were all related. Together they formed a logical interpretation of the physical meaning of quantum mechanics known as the "Copenhagen interpretation." link *** Complementarity and the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics link links

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* Heisenberg's Observer *

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* Schrodinger's Cat *

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* Wave Or Particle? *

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